This book, the result of 40 years of Hegel research, gives an integral interpretation of G.W.F. Hegel's mature practical philosophy as contained in his textbook, Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts, published in 1820, and the courses he gave on the same subject between 1817 and 1830.

Emmanuel Levinas has exerted a profound influence on 20th-century continental philosophy. This anthology, including Levinas's key philosophical texts over a period of more than forty years, provides an ideal introduction to his thought and offers insights into his most innovative ideas. Five of the ten essays presented here appear in English for the first time. An introduction by Adriaan Peperzak outlines Levinas's philosophical development and the basic themes of his writings. Each essay is accompanied by a brief introduction (...) and notes. This collection is an ideal text for students of philosophy concerned with understanding and assessing the work of this major philosopher. (shrink)

Modern philosophy has had difficulty attempting to show the unbreakable unity of the individual with communal aspects of human existence. A number of modern thinkers began their treatises by rationally, even geometrically, constructing a more or less real or ideal community based on a multiplicity of individuals. Yet others, convinced that no form of individualism could ever supply insight into the communal structure of human life, saw all individuals from the outset as members — or even as organs — of (...) a collective whole. While the former struggled in vain to show that contracts or other forms of freely chosen exchangenecessarily mutate into communal dispositions and institutions, the latter had to cope with the modern dogma that all philosophy must begin from an autonomous ego. Modern philosophy, then, has not produced a wholly satisfactory synthesis of individualism and communitarianism. This failure could be a symptom of a faulty start, which may be due to the initial questions: Can individuality and commonality be opposed? Does their distinction concerntwo aspects, two levels, two dimensions of one reality? How do they evoke, provoke, imply, and fortify one another? (shrink)

The fundamental message of Jewish thought in Levinas' version can be summarized by the following quote: It ties the meaning of all experiences to the ethical relation among humans; it appears to the personal responsibility of man, who, thereby, knows himself irreplaceable to realize a human society in which humans treat one another as humans. This realization of the just society is ipso facto an elevation of man to the society with God. This society is human happiness itself and the (...) meaning of life. Therefore, to say that the meaning of the real must be understood in function of ethics, is to say that the universe is sacred. But it is sacred in an ethical sense. Ethics is an optics of the divine. No relation to God is more right or more immediate.The Divine cannot manifest itself except through the neighbor. For a Jew, incarnation is neither possible, nor necessary. After all, Jeremiah himself said it: ‘To judge the case of the poor and the miserable, is not that to know me? says the Eternal’. DL 209. The quote at the end is from Jerem. 22:16.The One who is revealed in this ethical religion differs greatly from the almighty and triumphant God whose image dominates any thought in which politics procures the highest perspective. The ‘Master of the world’ is power-less against human violence and sin, vulnerable and persecuted. His passing by is not in the thunderstorm, not in the earthquake, and not in the fire either, but ‘after the fire there was a voice of subtle silence’ (1 Kings 19:11–12). God penetrates the world almost imperceptibly, in extreme humility. AV 211–212 (ECED). Cf. Kierkegaard vivant (Paris: Gallimard 1966), pp. 286–288. (shrink)

To what extent does Bonaventure’s work contribute to a renewal of negative theology? Rather than answering this question directly, this article focuses on the negative moments which, according to Bonaventure, characterize the human quest for God and the docta ignorantia to which it is oriented. Bonaventure’s synthesis of Aristotelian ontology and Dionysian Neoplatonism is a wisdom that admires God’s being good as manifested in Christ’s human suffering and death.

Levinas approaches the Infinite as beyond all possible ideas and totalities.

Peter Abelard (1079–1142 ce) was the most wide‐ranging philosopher of the twelfth century. He quickly established himself as a leading teacher of logic in and near Paris shortly after 1100. After his affair with Heloise, and his subsequent castration, Abelard became a monk, but he returned to teaching in the Paris schools until 1140, when his work was condemned by a Church Council at Sens. His logical writings were based around discussion of the “Old Logic”: Porphyry's Isagoge, aristotle'S Categories and (...) On Interpretation and boethius'S textbook on topical inference. They comprise a freestanding Dialectica (“Logic”; probably c.1116), a set of commentaries (known as the Logica [Ingredientibus], c. 1119) and a later (c. 1125) commentary on the Isagoge (Logica Nostrorum Petititoni Sociorum or Glossulae). In a work Abelard called his Theologia, issued in three main versions (between 1120 and c.1134), he attempted a logical analysis of trinitarian relations and explored the philosophical problems surrounding God's claims to omnipotence and omniscience. The Collationes (“Debates,” also known as “Dialogue between a Christian, a Philosopher and a Jew”; probably c.1130) present a rational investigation into the nature of the highest good, in which the Christian and the Philosopher (who seems to be modeled on a philosopher of pagan antiquity) are remarkably in agreement. The unfinished Scito teipsum (“Know thyself,” also known as the “Ethics”; c.1138) analyses moral action. (shrink)

Le premier chapitre d'une Phénoménologie de l'acte philosophique, que nous publions ici, met en lumière la structure onto-théo-logique de toute philosophie possible. II comporte les paragraphes suivants: 1. Existence et Pensée. – Une définition radicale de la pensée humaine présuppose une réflexion sur le Sum dans lequel s'enracine le Cogito. Cette première réflexion ne peut se faire que de manière spontanée et naïve. L'identité de l'existence et de la pensée n'est pas une possibilité humaine, mais oriente et fonde comme idéal (...) le mouvement philosophique. 2. Archè - ousia - telos. – L'essence de l'être humain est tendance et mouvement (kinèsis) d'une nature spéciale. 3. La destination (Bestimmung) de l'homme. – Par une réflexion transcendentale sur le dynamisme appétitif de l'homme on découvre la „position” ontologique d'une Fin absolue et infinie comme fondement a priori de toute vie humaine en tant qu'elle est besoin et désir. Les étappes de la voie qui conduit au Fondement ultime de la perfection humaine, sont les suivants : 1) l'accueil naïf de l'être qui se montre, 2) la perte de tous les étants dans le Néant, résultant dans une angoisse profonde, et 3) la découverte du Bien infini comme „Rien de tout cela”. 4. „Tune me chercherais pas, situne m'avais trouvé” (Pascal) ou: „Comment le Dieu arrive - t - il dans la philosophie?" (Heidegger). - En tant que recherche du pourquoi radical, la philosophie - et, plus fondamentalement, l'être humain comme être pensant et „logique” - ne peut s'effectuer qu'en affirmant a priori, dans tout ce qu'elle demande, dit, met en doute etc., le Fondement dernier et premier de toute vérité : la Vérité elle-même, qui, dès le début de la vie humaine et philosophique, se présente en s'absentant. 5. Unica demonstratio Dei. – La preuve métaphysique et la preuve anthropologique de l'existence de Dieu sont deux paraphrases radicalement identiques du mouvement de „fondation” qui est l'essence de l'être humain. Tous les arguments conduisant à l'affirmation philosophique de Dieu, ne composent en réalité qu'une seule démonstration, qui coïncide avec le tout de la philosophie. Pour acquérir une connaissance explicite de ce qu'est le Fondement radical, le philosophe doit rendre plus concret le contenu de la fondation transcendentale qui relie ce Fondement au fond de l'existence humaine. Dans ce but il parcourt et traverse les stades 1) de l'existence „économique” jouissant du cosmos (argument cosmologique ; cosmo -théo -logie) , 2) de l'existence sociale se découvrant a) obligée au respect et b) appelée à la communion fraternelle (socio-théo-logie), et 3) de l'ipséité qui fait l'expérience de soi-même comme don gratuit, – pour apprendre finalement que le cercle égologique englobant les étapes énumérées, est lui-même un don du Dieu donnant, qui - peut-être - va parler. 6. Vérité et apparence. – La philosophie est essentiellement une explicitation de la fondation originaire qui affirme Dieu-dans-le-monde ou le-monde-en-Dieu. A cause de la déviation historique de toute philosophie concrète, l'expérience de la recherche du vrai comporte aussi et d'abord une (re-) Conversion au véritable Fondement, qui est la fin et le début de tout penser. 7. Itinerarium mentis in Deum. – Une phénoménologie de l'acte philosophique doit surmonter les phénoménologies superficielles par une réflexion sur les différentes philosophies de notre passé, dans lesquelles elle reconnaît des „phénomènes” systématiques explicitant l'affirmation originaire de la Vérité elle-même. Pour préparer une méthodologie de cette phénoménologie méta-philosophique, une discussion avec le projet de la Phénoménologie de l'Esprit hégélienne s'impose. Ce chapitre ne donne qu'une ébauche de quelques lignes directrices d'une telle méthodologie. (shrink)

Marx was barely 25 when he produced this astonishing rich body of work-including economic and Philosophical Manuscripts and On the Jewish Question.

Most debate about the ethical implications of modern biotechnology has centred around medical issues, but public concerns over the impact of agricultural biotechnologies have gathered momentum. This volume, resulting from the 55th University of Nottingham Easter School in Agricultural and Food Science, provides a survey of this new field of enquiry. The book will be of interest to a wide readership, including applied philosophers, sociologists, economists and ecologists, as well as biotechnologists and agricultural and food scientists.